Effective ambient vibration testing for validating numerical models of concrete dams     

W. E. Daniell  C. A. Taylor 《地震工程与结构动力学》1999,28(11):1327-1344

Ambient vibration tests were conducted on a 56 metre high concrete gravity dam to measure its modal properties for validating a finite element model of the dam–reservoir–foundation system. Excitation was provided by wind, by reservoir water cascading down the spillweir, and by the force of water released through outlet-pipes. Vibrations of the dam were measured using accelerometers, and 3-hour data records were acquired from each location. Data were processed by testing for stationarity and rejecting non-stationary portions before Fourier analysis. Power spectra with low variance were generated from which natural frequencies of the dam were identified clearly and modal damping factors estimated. Modal analysis of the frequency response spectra yielded mode shapes for the six lowest lateral modes of vibration of the dam. The finite element model for the dam was analysed using EACD-3D, and the computed mode shapes and natural frequencies compared well with the measured results. The study demonstrates that ambient vibration testing can offer a viable alternative to forced vibration testing when only the modal properties of a dam are required. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial variation of the vegetative roughness in Mediterranean torrential streams affected by check dams     

Carmelo Conesa-García  José Luis Sánchez-Tudela  Pedro Pérez-Cutillas  Francisco Martínez-Capel 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(1):114-135

This study focuses on the spatial variations in vegetative roughness associated with morphological channel adjustments due to the presence of check dams in Mediterranean torrential streams. Manning’s n values were estimated using methods established by previous studies of submerged and non-submerged vegetation in laboratory flume experiments and field work. The results showed a linear decrease in shrub density and rate of variation of the roughness coefficient versus degree of submergence with increasing distance upstream from the check dam, while downstream, the filling of the check dam and the bed incision had the most influence. A regression analysis was applied by fitting the data to different models: relationships between Manning’s n and the flow velocity were found to be of the power type for shrubs in all upstream sections, while relationships of flow velocity versus hydraulic radius in the sections closest to check dams showed a good fit to second-order polynomial equations.  相似文献   

Direct finite element method for nonlinear analysis of semi‐unbounded dam–water–foundation rock systems          下载免费PDF全文

Arnkjell Løkke  Anil K. Chopra 《地震工程与结构动力学》2017,46(8):1267-1285

A direct finite element method is presented for nonlinear earthquake analysis of interacting dam–water–foundation rock systems. The analysis procedure applies viscous damper absorbing boundaries to truncate the semi‐unbounded fluid and foundation‐rock domains and specifies at these boundaries effective earthquake forces determined from the design ground motion defined at a control point on the free surface. The analysis procedure is validated numerically by computing the frequency response functions and transient response of an idealized dam–water–foundation rock system and comparing with results from the substructure method. Because the analysis procedure is applicable to nonlinear systems, it allows for modeling of concrete cracking, as well as sliding and separation at construction joints, lift joints, and at concrete–rock interfaces. Implementation of the procedure is facilitated by commercial finite element software with nonlinear material models that permit modeling of viscous damper boundaries and specification of effective earthquake forces at these boundaries. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)生存危机的主因到底是什么？   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王鲁海  黄真理 《湖泊科学》2020,32(4):924-940

野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)种群正面临灭绝的风险,一个重要原因是长期以来对其生存危机的主因缺乏共识,导致缺乏针对性保护措施.基于中华鲟种群模型,我们把主流专家提出的五个主因——捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化、水利工程与中华鲟种群衰退的影响因子进行对比,归并为繁殖群体损失、补充群体损失、存活率降低和长江水坝累积影响四种可能因子,在此基础上进行单因子和多因子情景计算和分析,并评估这些情景发生的可能性.结果表明:长江水坝的累积影响是中华鲟生存危机的主因.捕捞、污染、航运等其他因素对种群数量有一定不利影响.我们的定量情景计算和分析,验证了1982年中央批准把中华鲟列为葛洲坝救鱼唯一对象的共识和观点-葛洲坝对中华鲟影响最大;揭示了长江水坝对中华鲟种群衰退和灭绝风险的影响机制;厘清了各影响因素的主次关系,否定了长期存在的、把中华鲟生存危机主因归咎于非法捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化等传统主流观点.我们认为,要挽救野生中华鲟种群,必须采用针对性措施减缓长江水坝的影响,恢复野生群体的自然繁殖是中华鲟保护的当务之急.  相似文献   

Direct finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of 3‐dimensional semi‐unbounded dam–water–foundation rock systems     

《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(5):1309-1328

A direct finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of 2‐dimensional dam–water–foundation rock systems has recently been presented. The analysis procedure uses standard viscous‐damper absorbing boundaries to model the semi‐unbounded foundation‐rock and fluid domains and specifies the seismic input as effective earthquake forces at these boundaries. Presented in this paper is a generalization of the direct finite element method with viscous‐damper boundaries to 3‐dimensional dam–water–foundation rock systems. Step‐by‐step procedures for determining the effective earthquake forces starting from a ground motion specified at a control point on the foundation‐rock surface is developed, and several numerical examples are computed and compared with independent benchmark solutions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analysis procedure for modeling 3‐dimensional systems.  相似文献   

Waste dump erosional landform stability – a critical issue for mountain mining          下载免费PDF全文

Cristina Martín‐Moreno  José F. Martín Duque  José M. Nicolau Ibarra  Alfonso Muñoz‐Martín  Ignacio Zapico 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(7):1431-1450

Mining is the largest producer of solid wastes which, when released to land or into waterways, can cause harmful environmental impacts. This is mostly due to fluvial erosion, which is highly increased in mountain areas, due to abrupt slopes. We have analysed this situation at a mountain watershed (192 ha), where steep mined sites and their waste dumps are the main source of sediment in a Natural Park. This problem was tackled by building gabion check dams downstream from the mined sites. We used the DEM of Differences (DoD) method to quantify erosion and sediment yield from three waste dumps (5 ha). Their topography and substrate properties were analysed to understand the erosion problem. The sediment trapped by the check dams was quantified by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). The rainfall characteristics triggering an episode that filled the check dams with sediment in the winter 2009–2010, were studied to confirm whether it was a case of extreme precipitation conditions. The waste dumps sediment yield (353 ± 95 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) suggests severe landform instability. Analysis of topographic and substrate properties confirmed long, steep slopes combined with highly erodible materials. The check dams proved to be inefficient in controlling sediment loads, as they had only functioned for four years of 31 of existence, having trapped 13 000 ± 660 m³ of sediment, whereas we estimated that the waste dumps have yielded approximately three times more sediment for the same period. Rainfall analyses showed that neither intense nor extreme conditions (return period of 25 to 35 years) triggered the mobilization of 37 ± 2 Mg ha^?1 in a month. This study highlights the fact that mining operations in similar mountainous settings, with equivalent waste dump construction and reclamation practices, are currently unfeasible. We conclude that landform stability cannot be achieved at this site without landform changes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rock-glacier dams in High Asia     

Jan H. Blöthe  Swenja Rosenwinkel  Thorsten Höser  Oliver Korup 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(3):808-824

Rock glaciers in semiarid mountains contain large amounts of ice and might be important water stores aside from glaciers, lakes, and rivers. Yet whether and how rock glaciers interact with river channels in mountain valleys remains largely unresolved. We examine the potential for rock glaciers to block or disrupt river channels, using a new inventory of more than 2000 intact rock glaciers that we mapped from remotely sensed imagery in the Karakoram (KR), Tien Shan (TS), and Altai (ALT) mountains. We find that between 5% and 14% of the rock glaciers partly buried, blocked, diverted or constricted at least 95 km of mountain rivers in the entire study area. We use a Bayesian robust logistic regression with multiple topographic and climatic inputs to discern those rock glaciers disrupting mountain rivers from those with no obvious impacts. We identify elevation and potential incoming solar radiation (PISR), together with the size of feeder basins, as dominant predictors, so that lower-lying and larger rock glaciers from larger basins are more likely to disrupt river channels. Given that elevation and PISR are key inputs for modelling the regional distribution of mountain permafrost from the positions of rock-glacier toes, we infer that river-blocking rock glaciers may be diagnostic of non-equilibrated permafrost. Principal component analysis adds temperature evenness and wet-season precipitation to the controls that characterise rock glaciers impacting on rivers. Depending on the choice of predictors, the accuracy of our classification is moderate to good with median posterior area-under-the-curve values of 0.71–0.89. Clarifying whether rapidly advancing rock glaciers can physically impound rivers, or fortify existing dams instead, deserves future field investigation. We suspect that rock-glacier dams are conspicuous features that have a polygenetic history and encourage more research on the geomorphic coupling between permafrost lobes, river channels, and the sediment cascades of semiarid mountain belts. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

澜沧江梯级水库浮游植物群落结构特征及其关键驱动因子     

张琦  陈宇琛  林育青  陈求稳  张建云  丁珏  马宏海 《湖泊科学》2023,35(2):530-539

筑坝改变河流生源要素迁移转化过程及浮游植物群落分布特征,影响河流生态系统结构与功能。为探究梯级筑坝河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其关键驱动因子,2016年丰水期、2018和2021年丰、枯水期在澜沧江开展了浮游植物群落及相关环境要素的调研。本文重点对比分析了丰水期自然河道段和水库浮游植物间的差异,基于广义相加模型(GAM)建立浮游植物与环境要素间的关系,研究发现:丰水期浮游植物生物量显著高于枯水期,丰、枯水期浮游植物群落结构均呈现上游以硅藻门为主,中下游以绿藻门、蓝藻门为主的变化特征。营养盐和水库的水力停留时间(HRT)是导致上、下游浮游植物生物量差异的关键环境要素;总磷、水温和HRT是影响浮游植物群落多样性指数的主要环境要素;总磷、氨氮是影响丰富度指数的关键环境要素。本研究结果有助于深化理解梯级筑坝河流生态环境效应。  相似文献   

金沙江下游梯级水库对氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘尚武  张小峰  吕平毓  兰峰 《湖泊科学》2019,31(3):656-666

氮、磷是水域重要的营养或污染物质,大型水库修建将对江河氮、磷物质的输运产生重要影响.以金沙江华弹、向家坝水文站2006-2016年实测水质资料为依据,通过建立污染物浓度与流量比值（TN/Q、TP/Q）与含沙量（S）的关系式,对金沙江下游溪洛渡、向家坝梯级水库蓄水前后进出库总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度及通量的变化特征进行研究.结果表明：（1）华弹站不受蓄水影响,TN和TP浓度在0.38~1.41和0.01~0.73 mg/L之间变化,向家坝站蓄水前TN和TP浓度在0.32~1.33和0.03~0.42 mg/L之间变化,蓄水后在0.35~1.29和0.01~0.05 mg/L之间变化,蓄水后TN浓度较蓄水前略有升高,但TP浓度较蓄水前约降低75%;（2）蓄水前华弹站TN浓度与向家坝站基本接近,TP浓度总体低于向家坝站,蓄水后华弹站TN浓度低于向家坝站,TP浓度明显高于向家坝站;（3）金沙江TN以硝态氮（NO₃^--N）为主,占TN浓度的67.3%~91.8%;（4）两站的TN浓度随流量和含沙量变化较小,TP浓度与流量和含沙量均呈正相关关系;（5）华弹站TN、TP年通量在48357~135827和4720~14163 t之间变化,年均值分别为90337和8932 t,向家坝站蓄水前后TN年通量在64232~130966和71675~149647 t之间变化,蓄水后通量总体高于蓄水前,TP年通量在8851~18624和3131~7300 t之间变化,蓄水后通量远低于蓄水前;（6）水库蓄水对出库TN浓度与通量无明显影响,但TP浓度与通量较蓄水前明显降低,其中通量年均滞留率约为67.0%.  相似文献   

Effect of non-migrating bars on dune dynamics in a lowland river     

T. V. de Ruijsscher  S. Naqshband  A. J. F. Hoitink 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(6):1361-1375

As dunes and larger-scale bed forms such as bars coexist in rivers, the question arises whether dune dynamics are influenced by interaction with the underlying bed topography. The present study aims to establish the degree to which dune characteristics in two and three dimensions are influenced by an underlying topography dominated by non-migrating bars. As a case study, a 20 km stretch in the Waal River in the Netherlands is selected, which represents a sand-bed lowland river. At this location, longitudinal training dams (LTDs) have recently been constructed to ensure sufficient navigation depth during periods with low water levels, and to reduce flood risk. By using data covering 2-year-long periods before and after LTD construction, the robustness of the results is investigated. Before LTD construction, dune characteristics show large variability both spatially and temporally, with dunes being longer, lower, less steep and having a lower lee side angle when they are located on bar tops. The correlation between dune characteristics and the underlying bed topography is disrupted by unsteady conditions for which the dunes are in a state of transition. The bar pattern causes tilting of dune crest lines, which may result from a transverse gradient in bedload sediment transport. As a result of LTD construction, the hydraulic and morphological conditions have changed significantly. Despite this, the main conclusions still hold, which strengthens the validity of the results. ©2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献